Networking Standard Organizations Essay

Today I’m going to talk about the different organizations there are and the standards they set for networking. These organizations are ANSI, EIA and TIA, IEEE, ISO, ITU, ISOC, IANA and ICANN. They all instruct of a particular product or service. Many different organizations oversee the computer industries’ standards. These standards are essential in the networking world, they ensure network designs compatibility. ANSI ANSI (American National Standards Institute) is an organization that has more than a thousand representatives from industry and government who both determine standards for the electronics industry and other fields, such as chemical and nuclear engineering, health and safety, and construction. This organization does not determine that manufacturers comply with its standards, but requests are voluntary. EIA and TIA There are two related organizations called EIA and TIA. EIA (Electronic Industries Alliance) is a trade organization that is composed of representatives from electronics manufacturing firms in the United States. A subgroup of EIA that merged with the former United States Telecommunications Suppliers Association (USTSA) formed TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association). (American National Standards Institute, 2012) EIA sets standards for its members and helps write ANSI standards and lobbies for legislation promising to the growth of the computer and electronics industries. It focuses on standards for information technology, wireless, satellite, fiber optics, and telephone equipment’s. Both EIA and TIA set standards, lobby governments and industry, and sponsor conferences, exhibitions, and forums in their areas of concern. IEEE IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) is a worldwide society composed of engineering professionals. They also maintain a standard board that creates its own standards for the electronics and computer industries and contributes to the work of other standards-setting bodies like ANSI. (Electronics Industries Alliance, 2012) To promote development and education in the electrical engineering and computer science fields is their goals. They host numerous symposia, conferences, and local chapter meetings and publish papers designed to educate members or technological advances. ISO ISO (International Organization for Standardization) located in Geneva, Switzerland, is a combination of standards organizations representing 157 countries. (Electronics Industries Alliance, 2012) Their goal is to establish international technological standards to facilitate worldwide exchange of information and barrier-free trade. It applies the fields of textiles, packaging, distribution of goods, energy production and utilization, shipbuilding, and banking and financial services. ITU ITU (International Telecommunication Union) is a specific United Nations agency that regulates global telecommunications, including radio and TV frequencies, satellite and telephony specifications, networking infrastructure, and tariffs applied to global communications. (Electronics Industries Alliance, 2012) It provides rising countries with technical expertise and equipment to better those nations’ technological bases. ISOC ISOC (Internet Society) is a professional membership society that provides help to establish technical standards for the internet. Their concern involves keeping the internet accessible with its rapid growth, information security, and stabilizing addressing services and open standards across the internet. They consist of thousands of internet professionals and companies from 90 chapters worldwide. (Dean, 2009) IANA and ICANN A nonprofit group called IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) kept records of available and reserved IP addresses and determined how addresses were doled out. It coordinated its efforts with three RIRs (Regional Internet Registries): ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers), APNIC (Asia Pacific Network Information Centre), and RIPE (Rà ©seaux IP Europà ©ens ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) is a private, nonprofit corporation. (American National Standards Institute, 2012) They are mostly responsible for IP addressing and domain name management. Technically though, IANA continues to perform the system administration.

Principles of Providing Administrative Services Answers

Unit two: Principles of providing administrative services Section 1 – Understand how to make and receive telephone calls 1. Complete the table below with descriptions of at least two different features of a telephone system and how / when they would be used. Feature| How / when used| 1. Answer phone| This is usually accessed by pressing the number 1. It enables you to access messages left to you by others| 2. Conference calls | This makes it possible to speak to more than one person simultaneously. | 3. Do not disturb| This blocks calls to an extension or particular telephone line until the block is removed. Blocks are usually activated and deactivated by pressing a number of keys on the phone's keypad. | 4. Transfer| This enables you to transfer a caller to another extension. | 2. Prepare a brief report advising people on: * How to follow organisational procedures when making and receiving telephone calls * The purpose of giving a positive image of yourself and your organisation when making and receiving telephone calls. If possible, use specific information from procedures in your own organisation (or one that you are familiar with). Making call:Identify the purpose of the call .Confirm the name and number of the person to be contactedMake contact with the personCommunicate information to achieve the purpose of the callProject a positive image of myself and my companyReceiving calls:Answer the phone according to my organisation’s proceduresProject a positive image of myself and my companyIdentify the caller, where they are calling from and what they needProvide accurate and up-to-date information whilst protecting confidentiality and securityTransfer calls where requestedTake messages according to the caller’s needsIt is important to give a positive image of myself and my organization when making and receiving telephone calls . If I present in a negative manner then the customers would not like to talk with me and wouldn’t have nothing to do with my organization. It can affect company business.Section 2 – Understand how to handle mail1. Explain the purpose of correctly receiving, check ing and sorting mail and packages (both incoming and outgoing). Professional handling of mails is very important for an organisation. Improper handling of mails could result in lost customers, lost money and inefficient business.This can be due to loss of vital documents, delays in mails, delivery to wrong person, inefficient service delivery, payment being lost etc. It is important to follow the correct procedures for receiving, checking and sorting incoming and outgoing mail or packages. If a mistake is made then someone may be waiting on the arrival of an important document and it may go to the wrong person, or even go missing completely. People who are responsible for mail always should ensure that mail and packages are directed to the appropriate person.They should make sure that mails are delivered to correct person as soon as possible. This is very important in business environment.2. Complete the table below with the following information:At least two examples of internal ma il services that are available to organisationsAt least two examples of external mail services that are available to organisations Internal mail services| External mail services| 1. Envelopes – Internal mail is often sent in unsealed, A4-size envelopes . If the mail is confidential, the envelope will be sealed and marked with a confidential label.1. Royal Mail – is the best known external mail service|2. Intranet- it can be used to circulate internal mail electronically|2. DHL -is a leading courier in the UK and around the world|3. Describe two methods that you can use to calculate postage charges for mail and / or packages. Before sending a postages we need to classify them according to the importance and urgency. For important and urgent postage we can use first class postage and for the less urgent post we can use a second class postage. We can use service providers information to work out charges.If we need to send an item and guarantee it will be delivered the nex t working day or the same day or if a mail needs to be sent on recorded delivery we have to look for postal charges and the time within which the mail will be delivered. The ways how we calculate postage can be different. For Royal Mail we can find prices online. We have to choose if our postage is a letter, large letter or packet. We should know how much weigh our postage has and enter this information (some offices should have a set of postage scales for weighing letters and packages and a cardboard size guide).Next we need to choose which delivery options we want (for example next day delivery). Except the Royal Mail we can find a lot of couriers which we can use, for example DPD, DHL, TNT UK Express Service.Section 3 – Understand how to use different types of office equipment1. Describe the main types of equipment found in offices and how they are used. Include examples of at least three different types of office equipment. Nowadays offices use a large and varied amount o f equipment to complete everyday tasks efficiently and effectively. The main ones found in most offices are: computers, printers, photocopiers, faxes, telephones.Some offices and other business may use additional specialist equipment, depending upon the nature of the business and the needs of the staff. Examples include: Dictaphone equipment for recording the text of letters and reports, scanners, video recording and presentation equipment, specialist printing and binding equipment, special telephone headsets for telemarketing staff. Computers- are used for a large amount of based tasks for example: produce reports, allow access to the Internet (internal and external communication tools-email), accounting and publishing etc. Printers – are used to produce copies of documents.Fax machines are used to send message (it could be text, graphics or images) using a telephone line. Scanners are used to scan documents onto the computer.2. Explain the purpose of following manufacturerà ¢â‚¬â„¢s instructions when using equipment. Manufactures’ instruction are for a reason. If people follow the basic instructions then and the equipment will last longer. It is important that people know how to use this equipment in order to remain safe and healthy and keep risk to a minimum. If instruction are followed people may sure that they do not do anything that may harm themselves or others.If equipment is used correctly is more efficiently. If equipment is used incorrectly then the job it is designed for may not get done, or it may be done badly or it may take far longer to complete. People need to follow instruction for better maintenance. It could help using equipment for maximum period of time. If the equipment has a breakdown within a guarantee / warranty period it will be far more difficult to have it replaced or repaired if it has not been used according to manufacturers’ instructions.3. Explain the purpose of keeping equipment clean, hygienic and ready fo r the next user.When using equipment in the workplace it is important to keep it clean and well maintained. It is very important especially when equipment is shared with other people. It helps to keep better hygiene for employees – clean equipment minimises the spread of infections and germs. Regularly cleaning equipment can mean that it will last we longer and save our money as well as producing a higher quality result. Cleaning equipment after use can lead to less problems and increased efficiency. It is also courteous to clean something after we have used it to make it ready for the next user.If people are sharing workspace with others it is good practice to leave the area clean and organized. If one person is always cleaning up after everyone else, this person can become demotivated and annoyed. We can do this by working in an organised tidy manner, storing equipment safely and cleaning it with the appropriate products. We can minimise the number of germs on your keyboard by not eating or drinking at your desk. Food and drink should be kept well away from any equipment in case anything gets knocked over and causes damage.Section 4 – Understand how to keep waste to a minimum in a business environment .1. Explain why waste should be kept to a minimum in a business environment. It is very important to keep waste to a minimum in the work place. The more we waste, the more money it is going to cost the company. Companies have procedures like recycling which helps to keep our workplace tidy whilst saving money. Keeping waste to a minimum in the business environment decreases the amount of waste a business contributes to the environment. Reducing waste is key to minimizing business's environmental impact by reducing air and water pollution and limiting the amount of material that ends up in landfills.Reducing waste can also serve to save a business money. Keeping waste to minimum it's cost-effective, saves money, and saves the environment. It is ver y important because too much waste can have consequences for the long-term viability of the business.2. Identify at least two main causes of waste in a business environment. Waste is unfortunate consequence of business everywhere. In a business environment very common waste is a paper waste. This is because printers at work generate a lot of waste paper. People can print unnecessary things and do too many copies.A lot of things which people print contain very little information, so we can try to write them down on a scrap paper instead of printing them. Waste of energy – when leaving the office some people leave lights on, they do not switch of computers, etc. Waste of electricity is a huge in business environment. Waste power it means also increased carbon emission into the atmosphere which is not very good for our environment.3. How can you keep waste to a minimum in a business environment? Describe at least two ways of doing this. People can keep waste to a minimum in a bu siness environment by doing even small things.We could stop printing unnecessary thing, make notes using printed paper, use the copier for necessary numbers of copies. This can help to reduce amount of paper needed for business and save trees. By turning off the lights when leaving we save energy, company saves money and we help to reduce carbon footprint. Company can ask employees to clear their desk periodically to look for excess pens, sticky labels and other supplies. This allows the company to save money as it does not need to order larger than necessary amount of new office supplies.Section 5 – Know how to make arrangements for meetings1. Complete the table below listing at least two different types of meetings and describing the main features of each type of meeting.Type of meeting:Main featuresBoard meetingManagement meetings of the board of an organisation attended by directors. The meeting is convened to report results, set policies, scan for needed changes, etc.Con ferencesUsually for large audience to share information, work through strategies and tactics.Shareholder MeetingsAnnual general meeting which is convened to making decisions.In this type of meeting annual reports are distributed to shareholders. They make decision about the future of the company. | 2. When arranging a meeting:What sources and types of information are typically needed?How should meetings be arranged?Types of information typically needed when arranging a meeting consist of:Who needs to attend (the attendance list),When it should occur (the date of the meeting, the start and finish times of the meeting),The main resources required.It can also consist of:The venue of the meetingThe agenda of the meeting.The meeting should be arranged by doing checks on resources needed, venue, whether refreshments are needed, arrange and circulate agenda, invite attendees and information on special needs. Arranging a meeting is all about preparation and ensuring that everything is ready before the meeting starts.Section 6 – Understand procedures for organising travel and accommodation arrangements1. Explain the purpose of confirming instructions and requirements for business travel and accommodation. The purpose of confirming instructions and requirements for business travel and accommodation is not to make an error.It is better to ask twice and make sure that everything is prepared according to the instructions. The mistake could cost a lot of money and be waste of time. Even small misunderstanding can lead to significant problems for example: it could be two cities with the same name but in different parts of a country. Asking about the city which we are interested in helps to avoid misunderstandings.2. Complete the table below with an outline of the main types of business travel and accommodation arrangements that may need to be made and the procedures that should be followed when doing this.Travel and accommodation arrangements| Procedures| Booking plan e ticket| We need to check if a travelling person has required documents , for example passport for international flights. We need to check if destination place has good access to the airport or if there are any disruptions i. e. heavy snowfall, staff strike etc . which can affect the flight. | Accommodation booking| We need to know if it is one day or overnight business meeting. If there is overnight we need to know how many nights people need to stay. There are different types of overnight accommodation available from bed and breakfasts to hotels.We need to know if for example an evening meal may be required. | Booking train ticket| When booking a train ticket we need to make sure that there is a rail service in a place where we desire to go. We should check the arrivals and departure times to optimise our travel and save time. |3. Explain the purpose of keeping records of travel / accommodation arrangements in a business environment. Purpose of keeping records of travel/ accommod ation arrangements is important as it helps company to have important information about travel process, in this way the business can build up a knowledge bank and some expertise in its travel arrangements.By keeping financial records company can account all the money which being spend on travel and accommodation. * If company keeps good record is easy to retrieve information even in case when people arranging the travel are unavailable. Keeping good record helps company to look for ways of improving travel and accommodation bookings.Section 7 – Understand diary management procedures1. Briefly explain the purpose of using a diary system to plan activities at work. Give at least two reasons. Diary system is very important for planning and time organisation. Diary system helps to record employee activity and the resources that employees need.It helps planning activities that people can get involved with. Using the diary system employees know where they should be or what they sho uld be doing at particular time. Diary system can keep a record of scheduled business activities such as meetings and appointments. Without diary system is very easy to forget about the important meeting. Diary system can keep records of the use of shared resources – things such as rooms, equipment and vehicles. Without diary system rooms could be double-booked.2. Identify the information needed to maintain a diary system in the workplace.The information needed to maintain a diary system in a workplace is determined by the nature of what is being recorded. In general, when thinking of the information needed to maintain a diary system, consider the 5 Ws – who, what, where, when and why.Section 8 – Understand the purpose of delivering effective customer service and how to do so1. What are the differences between internal and external customers in a business environment? Internal customers are individuals and teams within the business who receive the output of comp any’s work, it could be other departments of company using services.External customers are people or businesses that are not within the same company that pay for services or products. They are individuals outside the business you work in who receive the product or service that the business produces .2. Explain why customer service should meet or exceed customer expectations. Include at least three reasons in your answer. When we are able to accurately identify customers' expectations, our customer service reputation will automatically be enhanced. When we meet customers’ expectation customer will be satisfied. By meeting customers’ expectation we are not doing more than customers expected.When we exceed customers expectation customers will be delighted (of course we have to exceed an customers expectations in a positive way). It means that business benefits above are even more likely to be achieved. Good customers service by meeting and/or exceeding customer exp ectation can give company a lot of benefits. One of the benefits is a chance that a new customer can transform to loyal client and also can recommend our business to others. Good customer service could build a sense of trust. When we ensure good customer service it could increase sales, company growth and provides good publicity.3. Explain the importance of building positive relationships with customers. Outline two ways in which this can be achieved. Positive relationship with customers are very important for a company. Positive customer relations makes customers feel important and connected to the company. With a positive relationship both parties have mutually beneficial outcomes. The key factors which contribute to positive relationships are: respect, trust, communication, focus, clarity. There are a few ways how to achieve positive relationship with customers. We can make it easy for customers to contact us.It is also very important to resolve customer complaints quickly and co mpletely. We should remember to always be very helpful. Positive relationship with customers we can achieved by giving the customers more than they expect and carefully listen to them. By giving more we can positively surprised our customers. Careful listening should help us to understand customers expectations better. It is also very important to not make promises unless we keep them.   4. How do customers demonstrate their own needs and expectations? The best way how customers can demonstrate their own needs and expectation is via feedback.Customer feedback is an information about customer perception. The Information comes directly from customer about the satisfaction or dissatisfaction they feel with a product or a service. It shows what customers think about business and if business thinks about them. There are a lot of types of customer feedback. It can be formal or informal, , focus groups, feedback forms and customer surveys, customer research and customer complaints. Analysing a customer feedback helps identified what needs to be improved and also helps to identify customer expectation.Section 9 – Understand the purpose of reception services and how to follow reception procedures1. What is the purpose of the receptionist role as the first point of contact in a business environment? In many companies a receptionist is often the first point of contac t in a business. A receptionist is responsible for any incoming customers or callers with the company. It is often the receptionist's role to ensure that all of these callers and customers are taken care of and that a good business image is given to the public. Receptionists are given the responsibility of meeting and greeting customers, clients or other visitors.If a customer is treated in a rude way by the receptionist, it is likely that they will have a negative image about whole company and may not return. Receptionists greet people both in person and on the telephone. Every company should have trained staff to answer the telephones in a professional and welcoming manner. This means the person assigned in the receptionist role is the individual that gives the first impression of the business to those that make contact, and first impressions are essential.2. Describe how a receptionist can present a positive image of themselves and the organisation and explain why this is importa nt.In most companies, the receptionist is responsible for the first impressions people have of a company. The receptionist should always project a professional image and make a great first impression on everyone. They should give a positive image of themselves and their organisation in order to attract and retain customers and to ensure customer satisfaction. If the receptionist is warm and friendly, people perceive that company is open and easy to work with. If receptionist is cold and unprofessional, people can think that the company is unprofessional and unpleasant to work with.Receptionist’s professionalism represents company’s brand. To properly reflect this brand receptionists must represent companies through their appearance, behaviour, attitude, business manners and communication skills.3. In relation to your own organisation (or one that you are familiar with), explain what must be done when carrying out entry, departure, security and confidentiality procedure s in a reception area. The company which I work for with does not have a receptionist. A reception area is very small and is used rather like an entry point and waiting area for guests.All guests have to use intercom in order to get enter to the building and only authorized staff can let them in. All staff is trained to not let in people from outside the company and the rules about guests are very clear. Because the company is away from the city centre and because of the specific industry, there is a small number of people who visit the company therefore there is no receptionist. Company does not require from guests to display identification cards when inside the company but there is a requirement that someone from the staff has to be with them during their visit.Sound spreads and threatens confidentiality in reception and waiting areas. To ensure confidentiality we are forbidden to talk about any confidential information near reception area or to bring any confidential documents to this area. This procedure is in place to ensure that no patient or hospital information (which are confidential) is revealed to any outsiders visiting my company. Once you have completed all 9 Sections of this Assessment, go to www. vision2learn. com and send your work to your tutor for marking.Explain the purpose of confirming instructions and requirements for business travel and accommodation:Its the teachers unions.Teacher quality is all over the place. Its too easy to become a teacher. One doesn't really need to stay up on current procedures or materials. Just a few weeks ago my 5th grader had a substitute teacher who stated out loud â€Å"I haven't been trained on any of this common core math stuff† and went on to describe a science project in terms of an old school salt and ice based ice cream maker that none of the kids had ever seen or likely will ever see.My son's former nanny became an elementary school teacher with a 4 year degree unrelated to education and six we eks of taking tests. She's a very nice girl, but she's not a very good teacher.So of course when our education system costs so much and produces lousy end results, the government and leadership in the education system want to test the kids to identify those iffy teachers and ones that aren't trained properly. We could do it on the front end and only qualify good teachers with good training. But the teachers union resists those efforts. As it stands right now in my home state, neither the schools or the teachers are responsible for the outcomes of the standardized testing. But the children are. I've gotten my son's tests. He got good scores, but the scores he received in subcategories aren't consistent with his high and low skill areas. So the test is very inaccurate.Beta testing curriculum and tests on kids where the grownups involved duck the responsibility. Letting people teach with poor skills and abilities. Unions protecting the poor performers and the processes allowing them en try. Governments pushing bogus testing that doesn't show accurate results.What you'll see around this comment will be a litany of teachers saying they should just be allowed to teach inside a magic box where what they do is not visible. Just trust them. And a suggestion that they be paid more so that experts in their respective fields will become teachers. Probably bad teachers.

A Hanging Analysis

â€Å"A Hanging† by George Orwell is a powerful short story on capital punishment. A Hindu man from Burma was taken out of his cell and walked down to be hung. The story never explains why the man was ever arrested and sentenced to death. At the beginning, the narrator doesn’t seem to care about taking a man down to his death because he’s just doing his job. But when the prisoner goes around a puddle of water, everything changes. At this point, the narrator realizes that this man is no different than any other person out there. The narrator’s conscience starts to take over and begins to grow a connection with this unknown prisoner.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"it is curious, but till that moment I had never realized what it means to destroy a healthy, conscious man[,]† said the narrator. After the prisoner stepped around the puddle, the narrator noticed that he has no right to take this man’s life. The prisoner, just like any other person, deserves to live a long life. At the beginning, the narrator didn’t see the prisoner as a person, he saw him as just another part of his job. Now, the narrator sees him just as he sees any other regular person. He notices that he can still think like anyone else, he’s body still functions properly, and that he’s breathing the same air as he is. And as the narrator said, this prisoner wasn’t dying, he was as alive as everyone else. What can this man have done not to deserve a second chance? Even though the author never asked the question, one notices that the narrator thought about it. The narrator’s conscience believes that everyone deserves a second chance to life and unfortunately, the prisoner was never given a second chance. At this point, for all one knows, the prisoner could have just been used as an example to the community of what happens to people when they break the law, even though it’s a small crime. Or he could have been the worse criminal in history. No one will ever know. But the fact that no one knows the reason why the Hindu man is sentenced to death, makes the reader feel more connected to the prisoner and makes the reader think the same way as the narrator. At the end, the Hindu man was finally hung. The story starts to build silence and awkwardness among the narrator and his coworkers. Not knowing on how to react towards the hanging of a man, another soldier made a funny comment on the situation and everyone laughed. But it wasn’t a regular laughter, it was a nervous laughter. This shows how everyone, specially the narrator, was looking for ways to turn the hanging around and find a comfort zone to the situation. He didn’t want to feel the guilt of taking a man’s live away. The discomfort caused the narrator to start drinking. The narrator wasn’t the only man drinking there, showing that he wasn’t the only person who grew emotions for the prisoner. The other soldiers also knew that the prisoner deserved a second chance as well.

To what extent have the issues of ethnic representation in the media Essay

To what extent have the issues of ethnic representation in the media changed over the past 40 years, use theory and examples to construct your answer - Essay Example Media creates a cultural pedagogy. Therefore it is clear that if media creates a cultural pedagogy then it plays a formidable role in representing the ethical or racial minorities. (Dines and Humez, 2002) Questions relating to the media and the minorities are always directed towards the representation of the minorities by the media because according to Mr. Masterman media is an essential system representation of representation or it may be said that it is concerned with the acute or specific representations of the minorities by the media. It is rightly said that media should not only look after the actual representation of the media but it should also be kept in mind that the minorities get adequate access of the media not only at the national and regional level but also at the local level because if the minorities do not get adequate access of the media they do not get the scope of knowing whether they are over represented or under represented by the media or whether the media is portraying their situation correctly or not.(Vargaftig, 1997) It has been studied and found out that the though the media represents the minorities but the way it represents the minorities actually  Ã‚  does trivialize, degrade, contradict them. Thus the media can be complained of misrepresenting the minorities and as the media misrepresents the minorities the others or the whites see the conditions of the minorities as shown and don’t understand the actual condition of the minorities and as a result what happens even if the people who are interested to help the minorities do not become aware of their pathetic condition and the minorities lose all chance of receiving help. The term Media encompasses everything ranging from internet, films, newspapers, and books and so on. More accurately media basically helps to disseminate information to the audience.   To be more precise

Cognitive Development Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cognitive Development Theory - Essay Example This test was adopted to be used in the United States in 1905 by a psychologist called Lewis Terman (Morra, 2008). The intelligent quotient has its scoring concept based on the mental age. In this test, the average intelligence of a child needs to match with his/her age. However, a gifted child has his or her performance compared to that of older children while the slow leaners are identified through comparisons with younger children. There are a number of theories of cognitive development, yet there is none that gives explanations to all the cognitive development aspects. The Jean Piaget theory is one of the most comprehensive and influential postulate. Jean argues that intelligence is an enabling agent for one to adapt to an environment. Ones intelligence is shown by his or her response towards a certain stimuli. He was interested in the reaction of children towards the environment (Morra, 2008). The knowledge of a child contains basic units referred to as schemas which organize ex periences acquired in the past and provide grounds in which new ones are understood. Piaget establishes four main stages of development and each of these stages build on the experiences a child acquires from the previous stage. These stages include; 1) Sensory or infancy stage: During this period intelligence is shown through the reflex activity that does not involve the use of symbols. The knowledge develops in a limited manner as a result of reduced physical, interactive activities and various experiences gained. Infants begin learning the world around them by using their senses. They mostly focus on the movement of various objects around them, separate pitch and sounds, perceive colors and anticipate events such as suckling once they see their mothers nipples. 2) Pre-operational stage also known as toddler or early childhood: Here, the child’s intelligence is demonstrated by the involvement of symbols. It is also associated by development of memory and imaginations, improv ement of language, and predomination of opportunistic thinking. However, thinking is demonstrated in an illogical or irreversible manner. Toddlers strive to be independent posing a challenge of their safety to the parents. They also show an understanding of what is appropriate or not. They are knowledgeable on the permanence and displacement of the various objects or people, and starts using different tools and instruments within their reach. 3) Concrete operational stage also referred to as elementary and early adolescence: This stage is characterized by logical interpretation and systematic analysis of symbols that relates to concrete events and objects (Morra, 2008). Reversible mental actions dominate while the egocentric thinking diminishes. At this stage, they acquire imagery, memorizing and social interaction skills. They learn negative actions such as lying, abusing and bullying. 4) Formal operational stage also known as adolescence and adulthood: Abstract concepts and logica l application of symbols describe the intelligence in this stage. Formal thinking and a slight demonstration of egocentrism characterize this people. Their judgments on various occurrences are based on their ability to analyze past experiences. School age children are able to think on what is possible and stop limiting their thoughts to what is real. Their thinking is hypothetical. They are able to comprehend abstract ideas in a logical manner,

Consumer law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Consumer law - Essay Example (1) If the debtor under a debtor-creditor-supplier agreement falling within section 12(b) or (c) has, in relation to a transaction financed by the agreement, any claim against the supplier in respect of a misrepresentation or breach of contract, he shall have a like claim against the creditor who with the supplier, shall accordingly be jointly and severally liable to the debtor. (2) Subject to any agreement between them, the creditor shall be entitled to be indemnified by the supplier for loss suffered by the creditor in satisfying his liability under sub-section (1), including costs reasonably incurred by him in defending proceedings instituted by the debtor. (2) Civil effect. Any provision of a credit contract that imposes a monetary liability prohibited by subsection (1) is void to the extent that it does so. If an amount that is prohibited by subsection (1) is paid, it may be recovered. A credit provider must not (a) Enter into a credit contract on terms imposing a monetary liability prohibited by section 21(1); or (b) Require or accept payment of an amount in respect of a monetary liability that cannot be imposed consistently with this Code. (1) The Court, on application by the debtor or mortgagor, may order a credit provider to credit the debtor or mortgagor with a payment, fixed by the Court, exceeding the net proceeds of sale if it is not satisfied that the credit provider sold the goods as soon as reasonably practicable (or at such other time as the credit provider and debtor or mortgagor agreed) for the best price reasonably obtainable. (2) On application by the debtor or mortgagor, the mortgagee under any prior mortgage to which the goods are subject or the mortgagee under any subsequent mortgage of which the credit provider has notice, the Court, if not satisfied that the credit provider complied with section 78, may make an order requiring the credit provider to compensate the debtor or mortgagor or the

SAP ERP Implementation [ A Case Study of Nestle USA] Research Paper

SAP ERP Implementation [ A Case Study of Nestle USA] - Research Paper Example Providing real time data for distributed systems gives power to the users and thereby the company to work efficiently. Company employees, even though they are working from different locations, would have access to the data and moreover, would be getting the same view of data. But, quite obviously, all this cannot be achieved free of cost. There are different kinds of costs involved including monetary crunch, issues with putting all this into practice, and also people management issues. But, all said and done, each and every ERP implementation has important lessons to be learned from. This leads to say that for a company, what so ever be the result of ERP implementation, the lessons are always significant. The case I would be taking into consideration is the Nestle case. In the year 2000, Nestle SA management team became conscious of the fact that if they want to maintain their position in the hugely competitive market, they need to streamline their processes and upgrade their systems . To serve this purpose, Nestle SA signed a bond with SAP. Nestle SA wanted to implement an ERP system across all its systems, they wanted all the employees and hence, the company to benefit with the ERP system. Back then, Nestle SA had its presence in 80 countries with a total of 230,000 employees overall. A huge sum of $80 million was assigned for the consultation, maintenance and up gradation of the existing systems. A time frame of three years was decided upon in order to complete the ERP implementation for the most competitive sites of Nestle. After the ERP implementation of these sites is completed, the other sites would be dealt with. The implementation included most aspects of a company’s product and operation management processes. They ranged from finance and monetary aspect handling, to supply chain, forecasting, capacity planning and BI segments. Another Nestle ERP implementation was that of Nestle USA. Nestle USA had quite a few different ledgers and customer acce ss points. The objective of implementing ERP implemented in Nestle USA was to consolidate these different data points to just one. Nestle USA faced a lot of challenges in implementing ERP. This was because of the fact that every location for Nestle USA was inclined to make their own decisions. There was a communication gap between decisions made by different locations and this lead to adverse effects on ERP implementation. A classic example of this was the story of Vanilla wherein each and every Nestle USA location had a different deal for vanilla price with the retailer, and the different locations were not even aware of this fact. (Ben, 2002) In spite of which subsidiary of Nestle is observed, the reasons and objectives for implanting ERP were the same. The goal involved grouping, synchronizing and merging all the operations of the firm despite of the distributed locations and nature of working. The ultimate objective was to increase revenue and to maintain the name of Nestle bran d in the highly competitive market. In addition to the mentioned goals, there was an essential necessity to unify and integrate all the company information so that the forecasting activities as well as different forms of data analyses could be done more easily. This would also lead to greater accuracy in deriving trends while doing market research and demand forecasting. Nestle USA did

Do nation states seek to maximize wealth or power Essay

Do nation states seek to maximize wealth or power - Essay Example Core states would fight to control the international in an effort to stamp their wealth dominance over givens states. In an event a political based conflict arises, the states would deploy methods that will ensure their political and power dominance over other states. The essay will focus on power and wealth enjoyed by states and will determine the magnitude of each in enhancing dominancy. Humans are unique thus set their goals based on their needs at a specific period. The nature in which they satisfy their needs may vary. Those satisfied by their needs will tend to seek surplus dominance over the others. The concept applies to states in that core states seek more control of the world thus deploy various means to ensure they attain their goals. The satisfaction of citizen is measure by the economic growth and other government indicators. Peripheral and semi peripheral state tend to focus more in attain the basic needs, as there exist a gap between the wealth and the poor. Closing the gap would mean more resources are channelled towards social issues. The struggle to attain a specific economic status prompt these countries to depend on aid from the core states to enable them substantiate their limited resources (Dunne & Schmidt , 2008) Economic strength enables a country to dominate the world in matters decision making. Countries would stamp their authority after they dominate the world trade. Krasner (2000) attributes the concept of dominance to hegemony effect where a state proves its economic prowess over a group of other states. Countries try to dominate the market by creating supply to meet the global demand. The amount of activities by a given country will determine its economic supremacy. Core countries pull out resources in effort of ensuring their supremacy in the global economy. Trade is a determinant when evaluating the global economy. Country will tend to focus on increasing their

Strategic Supply Chain Management (REPORT) Essay

Strategic Supply Chain Management (REPORT) - Essay Example However, it is important for businesses to realize that the pillar of any business is its supply chain. Thus it is important to critically analyze the supply chain of the business. Supply chain deals with all the processes undertaken to provide a valued product or service to the customer. Thus the supply chain consists of processes right from the source, to the make and lastly to the delivery. Ensuring that the service or the product reaches the final delivery in the standard quality with minimum cost, is what makes a company profitable (Taylor, 2010). In order to understand the feasibility of the supply chain management, we will consider a case in point relating to British Airways. Since British Airways is a well established and successful organization, it will also have well established supply chain process. Let’s discover whether the supply chain of British Airways can improve according to the changing requirements of British Airways. British Airways is a name well known around the globe for its global airline service throughout the year at low fares. It also has the honour of being flag carrier airline for the United Kingdom. British Airways was formerly known as Imperial Airways. British Airways has a very good repute amongst its customers as it is known to be environment friendly. The company constitutes almost 48000 employees. Despite the economic crunch, the company has managed to maintain successful operations and is constantly striving to increase its profitability in the coming years. However that is only possible if the company identifies and builds upon its core competencies aligned with the changing trends of the global environment. The success of any company is determined by how it operates. The existing success of British Airways can be determined by the same reason. In the current situation, the company has set an exceptionally well working environment by determining certain KPIs

CASE ASSIGNMENT MODULE 5 MGT 516 Total Rewards Essay

CASE ASSIGNMENT MODULE 5 MGT 516 Total Rewards - Essay Example This paper aims at comparing and contrasting the total rewards system with the traditional approach of compensation. Also, the paper will discuss in detail the advantages and disadvantages of total rewards program from the views of the employees as well as from the perspective of employers. A brief discussion of how total rewards are impacted by the legal environment has also been included. Total Rewards: Rewards have been a common element right from the beginning. Be it the barter systems used in the early years or the various compensation plans used in the current times. These have all been the basis for the motivation of people across the world. It was in 1990 that the system of total rewards was introduced and here people around the world were thinking of newer and more effective ways for compensations and benefits (Chen and Hsieh). Also, it was here that aspects such as tangible and intangible methods of motivating employees were being focused upon. The main aim and intension of the total rewards was mainly to retain the employees within the company (Johnston). The following section will detail a comparison and contrast of the total rewards system with the traditional approach of compensation. ... The traditional method of rewards was the same for all employees within the company, the total rewards system on the other hand is focused on only working towards retaining the best in the company. In the traditional approach, the compensations re generally bargain able and employers have a chance to bargain with the employees based on the job market. On the other hand, the total reward style of remuneration is based more so on the employees and their individual value. Another major difference here is that the total rewards are focused on all aspects of the pay, the entire remuneration, including all the direct as well as indirect wages and also prerequisites likewise (Reference for Business). The traditional system however focuses on the basic pay and the added benefits based on the individuals contracts. The traditional approach is more focused on aspects like the hierarchy of the individual, and the position within the company. On the other hand for the total rewards, the focus is more on the individuals work performance and skills (Reynolds). Here hierarchy does not play a major role. Advantages and Disadvantages: Total rewards system have a number of advantages and disadvantages likewise. The following sub sections will detail the advantages and disadvantages from the view of the employer and the employees. Employer’s Perspective: The total rewards in terms of the employer’s perspective, there are a number of issues. Firstly, this proves to be a more expensive approach. The company can have a much higher level of cost savings if another method of payment is to be used for the employees. Also, this method can lead to a number of additional and unnecessary

The Swimmer Essay Example for Free

The Swimmer Essay The sport of swimming is one that is heavily contested but is not for the weak and soft hearted. Bright and early morning sessions are an expectance and a normal person would see a swimmer as crazy. Swimming is a sport that requires determination, dedication, commitment and some serious time management. Swimmers endure much pain, stress and anxiety with fitting everything into their lives without the daily troubles of family and relationships. I will discuss my experiences and my daily adversities and joys along with the mental and physical times that I endure as a swimmer. Getting up at the dim hours of morning when the buzzer screeches and reads 4:45 is not a very pleasant sight to anyone. This sight of the clock to swimmers is a regular viewing and one that they do without hesitating. When I think what time I get up and why, so many thoughts dwell through my head. While other students are snuggled in their beds with the heating on and breakfast to meet them when they wake; I am swimming in reasonably cold water, enduring laps of pain, with many thoughts entertaining me. After enduring these laps I do not have an appetizing breakfast only a mere prima of juice and muesli bar; hardly enough to look forward to. Many would think while reading this, then why do you do it? The answer is a simple one; I see a sense of belonging in the sport. If I were to quit swimming which I have dwelled and neared acting upon, I would feel unfit, lethargic and would feel as if I was not good at anything and therefore nothing to be recognized as. As a leader in one of the sports at the college, I feel satisfied that at least I am giving something to a team and once again feel a sense of belonging. If I were to give up and not swim next year in my final year at the college, I would feel as if I had let myself down as well as the team and I would not mean much to the college. In my short career in swimming I have achieved accolades that I am proud of. These accolades include winning an Australian medal, being Victorian Champion, and making a Tip Top Australian Team. Once you have reached a level of this, it is very hard not to let go. In saying so, I achieved winning a medal at the Australian Age Championships two years ago. The year later I was struck down with illness and a shoulder injury that plagued my preparation. Disappointed with coming 6th in my main event hit me hard, but I was determined to make amends for my disappointment this year. This year I trained as well as I have ever trained and was committed down to every lap. I raced my hardest and ultimately, failed. I missed the national final and to me this was a complete slap in the face for all the hard work I had done. I had prepared adequately for the meet and had just failed mentally. My legs lactated up during the race and I struggled to finish the race off. I swam the race thinking negatively and it reflected on my result. When I was younger, a couple of years ago, I believed that I had enough guts and determination to beat anyone I tried; including Australian Champions. With this determination, I hit the wall. All of my confidence has diminished and I struggle to keep positive. After swimming my final race at the recent Australian Championships in Brisbane, I saw my time of 2:13.9 and place of 13th. At that particular moment after getting out of the water, I felt total anger and anguish. Its over. Im not going to swim anymore. I said to a fellow competitor. They saw on my face that I meant it. I held back tears of anger and frustration as another wasted opportunity went by. I went home with believing that I was going to quit swimming and found no enthusiasm or reason to continue. This was until my older brother gave me advice that at once I refused, and then I considered his suggestion of making a change and moving clubs. Due to the close relationship that I had with my coach, I struggled to imagine telling him face to face that I was going to cease training with him. However, I took on board that he would want the best for me and even if that meant moving. I met him face to face and battled tears in telling him that I was moving to a new club and a giant force in Swimming Victoria. Now I am swimming at a club called Melbourne Vicentre which, is home to the likes of Matt Welsh, Michael Klim and Giaan Rooney. It is a prospective change for me and a change that I am hoping will improve my swimming and reflect on a happier lifestyle. Swimming is not an easy sport, a swimmer requires different strengths; these strengths help a swimmer in life in swimming and beyond. No one does something because it is easy. That is why you guys are special, you guys arent normal. Swimming isnt normal, it is not normal to wake up the hours that you guys wake up at, while your friends are in bed or watching TV.

Kentucky Fried Chicken History Essay Example for Free

Kentucky Fried Chicken History Essay The company operates with five long-term measures identified as essentials of corporate growth and progress .. 1 International Expansion Yum! Brands number-one goal is to drive global expansion with its category- leading brands. In 2002, the company opened a record 1,051 new international estaurants and increased international system sales 9% prior to foreign currency conversion. 2. Multibrand Innovation Expansion Yum! Brands is the worldwide leader in multibranding, offering consumers more choice and convenience at one restaurant location from a combination of two of the companys brands. The company and its franchisees today operate over 1,975 multibrand restaurants, generating over $2 billion in annual system sales. Approximately 350 new systemwide multibrand restaurants were opened in 2002. 3. Portfolio of Category-Leading U. S. Brands U. S. ystemwide same-store sales increased approximately 4% while U. S. same-store sales at company restaurants increased approximately 2% in 2002. 4. Global Franchise Fees Global franchise fees, a significant factor in annual profits and cash flow, grew 6% to $866 million. Global franchise net restaurant growth was 2% in 2002. 5. Strong Cash Generation and Returns Yum! Brands generated over $1. 3 billion in cash from all sources in 2002, more than fully funding capital expenditure needs, allowing free cash flow for share repurchase, and some repayment of debt. Return on invested capital is 18%, in the estaurant industrys top tier. Culture Big on diversity in the workplace Promotes differences in background, ethnic cultures, and values oriented environment Focuses on teaching everybody something new Promotes unity in the workplace Team- Focuses on building relationships and creating diversity and commitment within the company and amongst employees and customers Organizational Structure and Design KFC is part of a divisional structure, which is Yum! Brands, Inc. Long John Silvers, A;W, Taco Bell, and Pizza Hut are the other divisions Offers positions to change and growth KFC works to bring recognition and money to Yum! Brands, Human Resource Management We wont make you wing it is KFCs motto when it comes to training employees. Training includes: 1) Workbooks 2) Quizzes 3) On-the-Job competency based training Employees are encouraged to work together as a team their people grow to their highest potential interesting and exciting for workers Social Responsibility KFC is committed to making sure KFC does their best to make the Job KFC has made it their responsibility to consumers that they will provide quality chicken in a fast, efficient way. They also say that their meat comes about ethically and through humane treatment. This has not always proved true in the past, since the PETA has become involved with their warehouses that grow the chickens. KFC has made statements to the patrons of KFC, though, that the chickens will not be treated badly in the progression from birth to the processing plant. KFC sponsors a reward for senior citizens, those who live life to the fullest and are recognized in their community KFC also has the Colonels Kids program, a charity organization that helps kids become educated and grow up in a better world han that which they have known. It addresses the child care crisis and steps up to the plate to help out where possible. Scholarships and diversity programs are a part of KFCs social responsibility as well Recently, the PETA group secretly recorded a worker at the Pilgrims Pride, one of the processing plants, beating a live chicken against the wall in order to kill it. As soon as KFC was notified of this treatment, they immediately submitted a written statement saying that the treatment was appalling and took action immediately, placing an animal welfare expert at the plant to ensure he ethical, humane treatment of the chickens. The statement said that: We do not tolerate animal abuse by any of our suppliers, under any circumstance. KFC also told the company Pilgrims Pride that, unless they can definitively assure us there are absolutely no abuses taking place, we will not purchase from this Moorefield, West Virginia, facility. PETA says that more action should be taken, but KFC has done all it can to ensure that people are happy with the facilities and means by which their food comes about.

Sustainable Architecture And Passive Housing Construction Essay

Sustainable Architecture And Passive Housing Construction Essay In the daily life, a lot of people past by some of these words: sustainable architecture or green buildings; however, they dont the meaning of it. For that reason, Ive decided to write about passive housing, which is a type of sustainable architecture. But before starting discussing the topic, a brief introduction to sustainable architecture will be given. There are a lot of definitions for sustainable architecture; nevertheless, there are two definitions that simple and exact idea about it. The first one is Environmentally-friendly houses and commercial buildings that are designed and built using sustainable building technologies, sustainable building materials, and sustainable energy systems, that dont burden future generations with environmental and financial debts. (Sustainable Architecture) And other defection was defined by architect Robert Berkebile, Sustainable Architecture is a design that improves the quality of life today, without diminishing it for the next generation. (Sustainable Architecture) In short, sustainable architecture is a way of building house and commercial buildings to save the environment for the future. Sustainable architecture isnt a new technology. It started developing in Europe since almost 500 years ago. It started by simple idea, which indicates how houses can be cool in summer and warm in winter by using minimum energy. Now days, they have more complicated ideas such as: producing their own electricity and recycling waste. That is because of the new technological advances, human has been developing over the years. There are three types of sustainable architecture mostly common and they are: zero energy buildings, passive housing and law energy housing. Is sustainable architecture that important to be developing for all of these years? In fact, its an important factor of saving the environment from depletion. According to the National American Homebuilders Association, a typical, (non-sustainable) stick-built or wood-frame home was 2,085 square feet and required  more than one acre of trees/forest; moreover, the waste created during the construction of this typical home averages between 3 tons to 7 tons, for every new house built. It only saves construction materials, but also reduces the consumption of energy and water. Passive house have one main principle which is reduce the energy lost in the house. But how can it be done. Its done by isolating the building and using the energy of people and the households. Passive house is very energy efficient because it use only 10% of energy that regular house use. This amount of energy is used for heating, hot water, and household electricity. In May 1988, Professors Bo Adamson of Lund University, Sweden, and Dr. Wolfgang Feist of the Institut fà ¼r Wohnen und Umwelt (Institute for Housing and the Environment) had a conversation about the Passive House standard originated. As result of the conversation, they developed the concept of passive housing by doing many research projects which have been supported financially by the German state of Hesse. The first passive house buildings were built in 1990 in Darmstadt, Germany. The Passivhaus Institut (the passive house institute) was established in September 1996. The concept of passive housing became more commercialized and following the  European Union  sponsored  CEPHEUS  project in winter of 2000-2001. Moreover, in 2003 the first passive house was built in North America, Urbana, Illinois. Since the institute was founded, 15,000 passive houses were built worldwide. Most of these houses were built in Germany andAustria. Figure Time Line of the History of Passive Housing The Design of Passive Housing There are mainly two key elements from designing a passive house, which are the orientation of the building and the construction material. The Orientation of the Building: The first feature that should be considered before building a passive house is the orientation of the house that is because it is the key of the utmost energy production. Since the solar energy is the most reliable energy for the house, the house should be directed to the sun. On the other hand, the wind also should be considered because it can cool the house during winter. For these reasons, the house is directed to the east-west axis and most of the windows are ought to be on the south wall of the house. In this way, the house will get maximum of sunlight and minimum of wind entering the house. Although, these conditions work perfectly in winter, there is other condition should be thought of in summer which is shading. Shading is important because it reduces the sunlight getting into the house. This is the main technique that passive house uses to heat and cool itself. The Construction Material: Figure How passive house works? As any ordinary house, passive house has the same basic building material, but it is only enhanced to maximize the energy gained and minimize the lost. Concrete, bricks and stone are the basic material for building a passive house because they can absorb the energy from the sun fully and gradually. As result of the long period of energy absorbing, a phenomenon which is called lag happens. Lag is the warm sunlight which was absorbed during the day then released slowly during the night. There three types of windows glass and they are: one pane, two pane and three pane windows. One pane and two pane windows are commonly used in normal houses; however, three pane windows are used in passive house. Moreover, they are made from three glass panes which are split by air or Argon gas. This makes the window more insulated that prevents cold air getting in and decreasing the heat getting out. Because of the house is insulated, Mechanical Ventilation is used in the house to proved fresh air and heat. It gets fresh air from and takes out the polluted air from the house while it heat the fresh air by absorbing the heat from the polluted air. Also, all passive houses have solar panels that convert the sun light to electricity that serves the house. Moreover, some of the houses have wind tribunes which also provide it with electricity. The wind tribunes are installed only if the area where the house is built has sufficient amount of wind. There are many advantages of building house passively. The cost of electricity is very low which is about 100à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ a year. Also, it is eco-friendly because it uses less electricity and that lead to less consumption of petroleum product, nature gas, coal and wood. These products release a lot Carbon Dioxide (CO2) that pollute the air which leads to global warming. In addition, it improved the sustainability of the house. Furthermore, it helps people who have allergies by reducing their symptoms. It is reduced because the air ventilation system cleans the air from dust are pollution. However, there is one disadvantage of passive housing that is air tightness, so without an efficient air ventilation system that keep the air clean and preserve an excellent humidity percentage in the house. Conclusion To summarize, sustainable architecture is the way of building without harming the environment. There are many ways of sustainable architecture, and one of them is passive housing. It has one key principle which is minimizing the energy lost from the house. Passive housing is new trend which started in 1988. The standards of passive housing are set by Professors Bo Adamson and Dr. Wolfgang Feist. The standards of passive housing have two main ideas which are the orientation of the building and the construction material. The cost of passive housing is higher than a normal house by 5-15%. Eco friendly and cost efficiency are advantages of passive housing, but air tightness is a disadvantage.

Classical and Renaissance Paradigms of Heroism in Hamlet Essay

Classical and Renaissance paradigms of heroism in Hamlet In the early part of the seventeenth century, when William Shakespeare wrote The tragedy of Hamlet, prince of Denmark, Europe was the center of a waning Renaissance that had, over the past three centuries, changed the intellectual bedrock of the West beyond recognition. The moral code of conduct for the common people had been transformed into one that embodied the tenets of Christianity, but there was one thing left undone. The upper classes still clung to the old ways – the Graeco-Roman ideas of royalty, nobility and heroism. The question of what it meant to be a king or a prince had yet to be addressed in the context of the Renaissance. The paradigms of heroism and rulership set forth in the great Greek epics yet held sway over members of royalty and the noblesse. In the play Hamlet therefore, Shakespeare attempts to provide the prototype of a hero of the Renaissance, personified by Prince Hamlet. The qualities necessary for such a hero are compared and contrasted with those associated with classical heroism through the use of classical allusion and transitions between religious and secular language. Further, the juxtaposition of Hamlet with the characters Laertes and Fortinbras – both of whom are to be regarded as heroes of the old paradigm – shows with enormous clarity, the conflict that prevailed between the two schools of thought. Shakespeare depicts the quintessential classical hero as having a number of great qualities. These are not enumerated explicitly; rather we are led to infer them from the playwright’s frequent allusions to the mythical champions of the Graeco-Roman tradition. On the urging of Hamlet, one of the players recites part of a s... ...re death. In the end, it seems that the playwright rejects (in some sense), both paradigms of heroism through the act of killing off their representatives. The consequences of the delayed revenge of Hamlet, in the opinion of this reader, denote a warning by Shakespeare that philosophy should not degenerate into endless argument, which feeds on itself and might lead to procrastination. In addition, while preservation of honor should not be the raison d'Ã ªtre for a good ruler, neither should it be completely abandoned. That Fortinbras (a classical hero) succeeds to the crown of Denmark seems to indicate the necessity for the idea of the Renaissance hero to evolve further before it can become a viable replacement for its precursor. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Ed. George Lyman Kittredge. Waltham, MA: Xerox, 2008.

King Sauls Development Essays -- Religion, God

In First Samuel chapter eight the Israelites request a king to reign over them. God appoints a man who’s name is Saul. He first appears as a typical young man who belongs to the small tribe of Benjamin. When he is appointed king he is somewhat intimidated by his new task. However, over time he experiences a series of events that make him a selfish, envious, and a power hungry ruler, and eventually insane. This development in his character starts from his son Jonathan’s disobedience to his orders, but its main source is his jealousy of David’s successfulness on the battlefield, and his failed attempts at killing David. The first time we meet Saul he is sent by his father to go look for their lost donkeys. After looking and not finding the donkeys, he wants to go home, because his father might be worried. â€Å"Let us turn back, or my father will stop worrying about the asses and begin to worry about us.† (1 Samuel 9:5) This is an ordinary reaction that an ordinary person would have to this situation. From Saul’s first utterance it is obvious that he is an average man who was worried about his father. Alter states that a biblical character’s first utterance is the defining moment of a character. However, from the moment of Saul’s first remark to the day of his death he changes drastically. Saul tells the Israelites that â€Å"Cursed be the man who eats any food before night falls and I take revenge on my enemies.† (1 Samuel 14: 24) However, Saul’s son Jonathan did not hear Saul’s declaration. When he spots honey spilt on the ground he tastes it and â€Å"his eyes lit up.† (1 Samuel 14:27) Although the other troops warned him that Saul had forbidden eating, Jonathan did not regret his decision in disobeying his father’s orders. â€Å"My fath... ...with him, and he knew that David was better fit for a king. Saul knew he could not stay king as long as David was around. Saul attempted to kill David many times. Each time he would fail. Every failure brought Saul closer to snapping. In chapters twenty-four and twenty-six David has two opportunities to kill Saul. Each time he spares Saul’s life, but he leaves a mark to let Saul know that he could have killed Saul. The first time David cuts part of Saul’s robe. The second time David takes Saul’s spear and his ______________________. David was playing with Saul’s mind. Saul was powerless in comparison to David. Saul had been determined to kill David, but each time he would fail. David gets two chances to kill Saul, and he spares Saul both times. Saul was no match for David and he knew it. Saul realizes he is unable to get rid of David, because God is with him. King Saul's Development Essays -- Religion, God In First Samuel chapter eight the Israelites request a king to reign over them. God appoints a man who’s name is Saul. He first appears as a typical young man who belongs to the small tribe of Benjamin. When he is appointed king he is somewhat intimidated by his new task. However, over time he experiences a series of events that make him a selfish, envious, and a power hungry ruler, and eventually insane. This development in his character starts from his son Jonathan’s disobedience to his orders, but its main source is his jealousy of David’s successfulness on the battlefield, and his failed attempts at killing David. The first time we meet Saul he is sent by his father to go look for their lost donkeys. After looking and not finding the donkeys, he wants to go home, because his father might be worried. â€Å"Let us turn back, or my father will stop worrying about the asses and begin to worry about us.† (1 Samuel 9:5) This is an ordinary reaction that an ordinary person would have to this situation. From Saul’s first utterance it is obvious that he is an average man who was worried about his father. Alter states that a biblical character’s first utterance is the defining moment of a character. However, from the moment of Saul’s first remark to the day of his death he changes drastically. Saul tells the Israelites that â€Å"Cursed be the man who eats any food before night falls and I take revenge on my enemies.† (1 Samuel 14: 24) However, Saul’s son Jonathan did not hear Saul’s declaration. When he spots honey spilt on the ground he tastes it and â€Å"his eyes lit up.† (1 Samuel 14:27) Although the other troops warned him that Saul had forbidden eating, Jonathan did not regret his decision in disobeying his father’s orders. â€Å"My fath... ...with him, and he knew that David was better fit for a king. Saul knew he could not stay king as long as David was around. Saul attempted to kill David many times. Each time he would fail. Every failure brought Saul closer to snapping. In chapters twenty-four and twenty-six David has two opportunities to kill Saul. Each time he spares Saul’s life, but he leaves a mark to let Saul know that he could have killed Saul. The first time David cuts part of Saul’s robe. The second time David takes Saul’s spear and his ______________________. David was playing with Saul’s mind. Saul was powerless in comparison to David. Saul had been determined to kill David, but each time he would fail. David gets two chances to kill Saul, and he spares Saul both times. Saul was no match for David and he knew it. Saul realizes he is unable to get rid of David, because God is with him.

Apollonius Of Perga :: essays research papers fc

Apollonius of Perga Apollonius was a great mathematician, known by his contempories as " The Great Geometer, " whose treatise Conics is one of the greatest scientific works from the ancient world. Most of his other treatise were lost, although their titles and a general indication of their contents were passed on by later writers, especially Pappus of Alexandria. As a youth Apollonius studied in Alexandria ( under the pupils of Euclid, according to Pappus ) and subsequently taught at the university there. He visited Pergamum, capital of a Hellenistic kingdom in western Anatolia, where a university and library similar to those in Alexandria had recently been built. While at Pergamum he met Eudemus and Attaluus, and he wrote the first edition of Conics. He addressed the prefaces of the first three books of the final edition to Eudemus and the remaining volumes to Attalus, whom some scholars identify as King Attalus I of Pergamum. It is clear from Apollonius' allusion to Euclid, Conon of Samos, and Nicoteles of Cyrene that he made the fullest use of his predecessors' works. Book 1-4 contain a systematic account of the essential principles of conics, which for the most part had been previously set forth by Euclid, Aristaeus and Menaechmus. A number of theorems in Book 3 and the greater part of Book 4 are new, however, and he introduced the terms parabola, eelipse, and hyperbola. Books 5-7 are clearly original. His genius takes its highest flight in Book 5, in which he considers normals as minimum and maximum straight lines drawn from given points to the curve ( independently of tangent properties ), discusses how many normals can be drawn from particular points, finds their feet by construction, and gives propositions determining the center of curvature at any points and leading at once to the Cartesian equation of the evolute of any conic. The first four books of the Conics survive in the original Grrek and the next three in Arabic translation. Book 8 is lost. The only other extant work of Apollonius is Cutting Off of a Ratio ( or On Proportional Section ), in an Arabic translation. Pappus mentions five additional works, Cutting off an Area ( or On Spatial Section ) , On Determinate Section, Tangencies, and Plane Loci. Tangencies embraced the following general problem : given three things, each of which may be a point, straight line, or circle, construct a circle tangent to the three. Sometimes known as the problem of Apollonius, the most difficult case arises when the three given things are circles. Of the other works of Apollonius referred to by ancient writers, one, On

Rhetorical Analysis of “Pink Think”

Women have been told what to do since the beginning of time. â€Å"Pink Think† furthers that idea. This article by Lynn Peril explains what influences have impacted the way females act and think. Emotional appeal, the use of the theory pink think and her use of specific examples from history all come together to establish her case that women have been expected to fit into a specific mold in order to be a successful woman in life. Every woman feels the need to fit in with society. By fitting in, the woman would get the perfect guy, be successful in life and feel included.Lynn Peril shows how the attitude of Pink think made women feel the need to fit in. There were articles that showed the joys of housewifery. Women who read these articles felt that if they were a housewife and enjoyed the aspects of it written in the article, they fit in. It is a trait in women that all women want to fit in. We look in magazines and wish to look and dress like the models. This was what women th ought about Pink think. It was the â€Å"in† way to act and think. Women who thought this way fit in and those who did no wanted to so that they could fit in.Lynn Peril shows how Pink think made women want to fit in, and it worked. The theory of Pink Think is a set of ideas and attitudes about what constitutes proper female behavior. It was very popular from the 1940s to the 1970s. The theory of Pink think is the main argument of this essay. The cultural mindset of Pink think touched every female. The women read about it in articles, teens learned about it in their home economics textbooks, and little girls learned the feminine behaviors in games such as Miss. Popularity.With all the aspects of a woman’s life having some type of Pink think, it is no wonder women felt the need to fit into this mold. Pink think also told women that femininity was the only way to get and marry a man. And that was the only way to have a child, which was what women were supposed to do. Pink think also â€Å"made beauty, charm, and submissive behavior of mandatory importance to women of all ages in order to win a man’s attention and hold his interest after marriage. † It made women believe the only thing to do in life was to please a man.Pink think took over the way women act and thought in order to fit into what society thought a woman should be like. The use of specific examples in â€Å"Pink Think† helped Lynn Peril show that this theory influenced women in any stage of their life. Pink think influenced women from the way they put on their bathing suit to the choice of contraception. The example that had a real influence on me was the Miss America competition of 1961. Nancy Fleming’s answer to just kick both of her heals off and continue down the runway was a good one, but her answer that too many women were working and they should just be at home was shocking.Also the fact that she won after that answer really surprised me. Fleming was p utting women throughout the country down and saying they should just stay at home and have no place in the workforce. Women should have the choice to work or stay at home. I do not think the role model for America should have told the world that women are over powering men and her place is in the home. Peril’s use of several specific examples allows her to connect to deferent readers. By having several examples, Lynn Peril expands the audience that she affects.By using emotional appeal, the use of Pink think, and several specific examples Lynn Peril shows readers how women were influenced to act and think a certain way. Some of these attitudes are still looming around today. Just because Pink think was popular from 1940-1970, does not mean the idea does not show up today. Women are still expected to act and think a certain way. Lynn Peril showed how women were supposed to act back then, and it has changed in present day, but some ideas are still around. Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"Pink Think† Women have been told what to do since the beginning of time. â€Å"Pink Think† furthers that idea. This article by Lynn Peril explains what influences have impacted the way females act and think. Emotional appeal, the use of the theory pink think and her use of specific examples from history all come together to establish her case that women have been expected to fit into a specific mold in order to be a successful woman in life. Every woman feels the need to fit in with society. By fitting in, the woman would get the perfect guy, be successful in life and feel included.Lynn Peril shows how the attitude of Pink think made women feel the need to fit in. There were articles that showed the joys of housewifery. Women who read these articles felt that if they were a housewife and enjoyed the aspects of it written in the article, they fit in. It is a trait in women that all women want to fit in. We look in magazines and wish to look and dress like the models. This was what women th ought about Pink think. It was the â€Å"in† way to act and think. Women who thought this way fit in and those who did no wanted to so that they could fit in.Lynn Peril shows how Pink think made women want to fit in, and it worked. The theory of Pink Think is a set of ideas and attitudes about what constitutes proper female behavior. It was very popular from the 1940s to the 1970s. The theory of Pink think is the main argument of this essay. The cultural mindset of Pink think touched every female. The women read about it in articles, teens learned about it in their home economics textbooks, and little girls learned the feminine behaviors in games such as Miss. Popularity.With all the aspects of a woman’s life having some type of Pink think, it is no wonder women felt the need to fit into this mold. Pink think also told women that femininity was the only way to get and marry a man. And that was the only way to have a child, which was what women were supposed to do. Pink think also â€Å"made beauty, charm, and submissive behavior of mandatory importance to women of all ages in order to win a man’s attention and hold his interest after marriage. † It made women believe the only thing to do in life was to please a man.Pink think took over the way women act and thought in order to fit into what society thought a woman should be like. The use of specific examples in â€Å"Pink Think† helped Lynn Peril show that this theory influenced women in any stage of their life. Pink think influenced women from the way they put on their bathing suit to the choice of contraception. The example that had a real influence on me was the Miss America competition of 1961. Nancy Fleming’s answer to just kick both of her heals off and continue down the runway was a good one, but her answer that too many women were working and they should just be at home was shocking.Also the fact that she won after that answer really surprised me. Fleming was p utting women throughout the country down and saying they should just stay at home and have no place in the workforce. Women should have the choice to work or stay at home. I do not think the role model for America should have told the world that women are over powering men and her place is in the home. Peril’s use of several specific examples allows her to connect to deferent readers. By having several examples, Lynn Peril expands the audience that she affects.By using emotional appeal, the use of Pink think, and several specific examples Lynn Peril shows readers how women were influenced to act and think a certain way. Some of these attitudes are still looming around today. Just because Pink think was popular from 1940-1970, does not mean the idea does not show up today. Women are still expected to act and think a certain way. Lynn Peril showed how women were supposed to act back then, and it has changed in present day, but some ideas are still around.

Green Power

Cleaner electricity generation is on its way for full implementation as many of power consumers are now aware how could avail of it. In the official blog site of the US Environmental Protection Agency, many of its visitors had said in their comments that they had already installed or purchased from a private electric company a way how could they use green power.Some had also leaved a link to the sites of their energy provider that gives them an option for cleaner energy generation. But others still had said that they could not choose to opt to green power because of area and cost constraints.People who had said that they had installed solar panels and/or avail power generated through wind or geothermal admits that they pay more for their electricity consumption as compared when they were not using it. Since conversion into cleaner energy consumption would cost more to the people, they might rather ignore their wish to take part with a cleaner environment. Some even says that going in to cleaner energy generation is just propaganda of electric companies that would mean more profit on their part.Some still had said that they had no choice whether to use green power or not because it’s their individual power provider could only decide. As I had completed browsing all of the comments, I suggest that yes there is a need for a greener electricity generation but the problem is that people where afraid of their initial additional cost. Yes, it cost more than the regular energy we consume from burnt coal but like what one comment had said, people are not aware of the hidden cost the people might suffer if we continue using it because experts says that burning coal adds up to the air pollution.As we enter into the era of information age, ideas are now easy to disseminate through all of the high tech devices and technology the modern day gives such as the computers and the internet. But we should be careful of what would we should acquire of these ideas since some o f them cannot be fully relied on. Support of experts in such field such as EPA could give as a somewhat assurance that what we learn is what we should. References Greenversation, Question of the Week: Why are you or aren’t you buying green power? Retrieved May31, 2008 from http://blog. epa. gov/blog/2008/05/27/qotwgreenpower/

Four Strategies I Would Use to Plan and to Lean an Effective Meeting

Four strategies I would use to plan and to lean an effective meeting are as followed: first I would prepare for the meeting, next I would start the meeting off to a good start, then I create an atmosphere for participation, finally I would end the meeting. Preparing for the meeting requires thorough planning. Decide the purpose of the meeting and put it in writing. It should be something you can measure or document. Don't write, â€Å"We will discuss solutions for production delays. Instead, be specific. â€Å"We will develop a plan to document causes of production delays. † Give all participants something to prepare for the meeting. Once you have determined the time and place, prepare a memo detailing the location and ending as well as starting times. Include the purpose of the meeting and, preferably, the agenda. Mention that people can call you to clarify agenda items prior to the meeting (Thill & Bovee, 2011, p. 43).Getting the meeting off to a good start, meetings must s tart precisely on time so as not to punish those who are punctual. This also sets the stage for how serious the chair is about making the meeting effective. Open the meeting with introductions. Clarify who will take minutes, prepare the action plan and deliver it to members after the meeting, and be responsible for any other procedural details that need attention. State the purpose and review the agenda. Assign approximate times to each agenda item if you have not already done so.Creating an atmosphere for participation, there are many critical decisions that should occur at the first committee meeting. These decisions help to clarify meeting logistics. Everyone should feel comfortable in contributing to the decision-making process. When creating an atmosphere of participation, the chair should encourage group discussion to get all points of view. Turn questions back to the group for their input. Ask people to comment on something just said.Compliment people on their ideas and thank them for their input. Ask open-ended questions. Ending the meeting should conclude with a summary of work completed, a clear action plan for outstanding tasks, and a decision about subsequent meetings. The summary should relate directly to the purpose: What was the goal? Was it achieved? What remains to be done? Reference: Thill, J. , & Bovee, C. (2011). Excellence in business communication (9th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Publishing.

Public Education in the Old South: 1790-1860 Essay

One of the most characteristic elements of the Enlightenment was the pervading missionary zeal for reform. Whereas Reformation zeal had gone into religious fervor, the enthusiasm of the Enlightenment was directed at reform of all kinds of institutions and was organized into campaigns for the aid of the weak, the poor, the persecuted, and the unfortunate. Fed by the liberalism that came from England in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the propaganda for popular enlightenment found its climax in France in the middle and late eighteenth century and became the ideological forerunner of the French Revolution. Appealing not only to the growing intellectual and middle classes, the reformers also worked hard for the alleviation of the conditions of the masses of the people. A great increase in the agencies of public information took the form of new books, pamphlets, newspapers, journals, encyclopedias, debates, scientific academies, libraries, and museums. The fight for civil liberties, for religious and political freedom, and for popular education, the appeal to the natural rights of man as against privilege and tradition laid the basis for our western heritage of humanitarian democracy. Look more:  satire in the importance of being earnest essay In this struggle public education as we know it had its birth. Education in South Superficially at least, higher education flourished in the antebellum South. There were some half-dozen state universities and numerous private colleges. In 1850, the South had 120 colleges and universities, as compared with 111 in the North. Taking into account the considerable number of southern youths who went to such northern institutions of higher learning as Yale and Princeton, the South could point with pride to the number of its collegetrained youth. But southern colleges were smaller and more meagerly supported than those of the North, and the educational standards were of a lower order. The University of Virginia, founded in 1825, was a center of classical learning and was free of sectarian controls, but most of the colleges and universities were controlled by one or another of the religious denominations. The South had a considerable number of private academies for the sons of the well-to-do, and public high schools were increasing in number prior to 1860. There were state-supported common schools in some states, though only North Carolina and Kentucky had good public school systems. But reluctance to face taxation and a general feeling that it was the duty of the individual to see to the education of his own children were barriers to the development of public education. There were rural areas where the poorer classes had practically no educational opportunity. A large part of the white population of the South was illiterate, and a considerable number of the planters never learned to read and write. The system of Public Education was considered capable, and only capable, of regenerating this nation, and of establishing practical virtue and republican equality, it is one which provides for all children at all times; receiving them at the earliest age their parents choose to entrust them to the national care, feeding, clothing, and educating them, until the age of majority. Propositions of John Howland John Howland proposed to the General Assembly of the State of Rhode Island on the last Monday in February, A. D. 1799. In his Petition he proposed that all the children so adopted should receive the same food; should be dressed in the same simple clothing; should experience the same kind treatment; should be taught (until their professional education commences) the same branches; in a word, that nothing savoring of inequality, nothing reminding them of the pride of riches or the contempt of poverty, should be suffered to enter these republican safeguards of a young nation of equals. Howland further proposed that the destitute widow’s child or the orphan boy should share the public care equally with the heir to a princely estate; so that all may become, not in word but in deed and in feeling, free and equal. Thus may the spirit of democracy, that spirit which Jefferson labored for half a century to plant in our soil, become universal among us; thus may luxury, may pride, may ignorance, be banished. Howland also proposed that the food should be of the simplest kind, both for the sake of economy and of temperance. A Spartan simplicity of regimen is becoming a republic, and is best suited to preserve the health and strength unimpaired, even to old age. The propriety of excluding all distilled or fermented liquors of every description; perhaps, also, foreign luxuries, such as tea and coffee, might be beneficially dispensed with. These, including wine and spirits, cost the nation at present about fourteen millions of dollars annually. Are they worth so much? Thus might the pest of our land, intemperance, be destroyed-not discouraged, not lessened, not partially cured–but destroyed: this modern Circe that degrades the human race below the beast of the field, that offers her poison cup at every corner of our streets and at every turn of our highways, that sacrifices her tens of thousands of victims yearly in these states, that loads our country with a tax more than sufficient to pay twice over for the virtuous training of all her children-might thus be deposed from the foul sway she exercises over freemen, too proud to yield to a foreign enemy, but not too proud to bow beneath the iron rod of a domestic curse. Is there any other method of tearing up this monstrous evil, the scandal of our republic, root and branch? About other details he said that the dress should be some plain, convenient, economical uniform. The silliest of all vanities (and one of the most expensive) is the vanity of dress. Children trained to the age of twenty-one without being exposed to it, could not, in after life, be taught such a folly. The food and clothing might be chiefly raised and manufactured by the pupils themselves, in the exercise of their several occupations. They would thus acquire a taste for articles produced in their own country, in preference to foreign superfluities. Under such a system, the poorest parents could afford to pay a moderate tax for each child. They could better afford it than they can now to support their children in ignorance and misery, provided the tax were less than the lowest rate at which a child can now be maintained at home. For a day school, thousands of parents can afford to pay nothing. In his historical presentation he further proposed that under such a system, the pupils of the state schools would obtain the various offices of public trust, those of representatives, &c. in preference of any others. If so, public opinion would soon induce the most rich and the most prejudiced, to send their children thither; however little they might at first relish the idea of giving them equal advantages only with those of the poorest class. Greater real advantages they could not give them, if the public schools are conducted as they ought to be. Public Education in Pennsylvania In the two decades before the Civil War public awareness was shaped by the zeal of devoted crusaders: Horace Mann and Henry Barnard in the East, Calvin H. Wiley in the South, and Caleb Mills in the west. Through their educational journals, reports as educators, or appeals to legislatures, they drew attention to needed reforms. The Lyceum movement, founded by Josiah Holbrook in 1831 made the advancement of education, especially the common schools, its principal business. To its lecture platforms came Edward Everett, Henry Ward Beecher, Wendell Phillips, and Abraham Lincoln. Teachers’ institutes, like that of Onondaga County. A Delaware journalist and school teacher, Robert Coram felt that society, through the establishment of public schools, should teach everyone how to make a living. Each was to be taught the rudiments of the English language, writing, bookkeeping, mathematics, natural history, mechanics, and husbandry. He favored apprenticeship regulations binding youth out to the trades or professions. Literary discussions were a regular feature at his schoolhouse. The necessity of a reformation in the country schools, is too obvious to be insisted on; and the first step to such reformation, will be, by turning private schools into public ones. The schools should be public, for several reasons-1st. Because, as has been before said, every citizen has an equal right to subsistence, and ought to have an equal opportunity of acquiring knowledge. Because public schools are easiest maintained, as the burthen falls upon all the citizens. The man who is too squeamish or lazy to get married, contributes to the support of public schools, as well as the man who is burthened with a large family. But private schools are supported only by heads of families, & by those only while they are interested; for as soon as the children are grown up, their support is withdrawn; which makes the employment so precarious, that men of ability and merit will not submit to the trifling salaries allowed in most country schools, and which, by their partial support, cannot afford a better. Public schools then established in every county of the United States, at least as many as were necessary for the present population; and let those schools be supported by a general tax. Let the objects of those schools be to teach the rudiments of the English language, writing, bookkeeping, mathematics, natural history, mechanics and husbandry-and let every scholar be admitted gratis, and kept in a state of subordination, without respect to persons. Public Schools in Virginia The first step toward the establishment of a public school system in Virginia was made in 1810, when a bill was passed by the legislature providing for the creation of the Literary Fund. The act ordered that â€Å"all escheats, confiscations, fines, penalties and forfeitures, and all rights accruing to the State as derelict, shall be set aside for the encouragement of learning. † Tyler’s father was governor of the commonwealth at this time, and it was probably in response to his recommendation that this law had been enacted. An act was passed the next year by which the Literary Fund was set apart for the purpose of â€Å"providing schools for the poor in any county of the State. † The fund had grown continually from the beginning, and on Tyler’s accession had reached an amount little less than $1,400,000. The annual income from this fund was about $70,000, more than two-thirds of which ($45,000) was used for the education of indigent children. In this way 9,779 children were given a little schooling as a public charity. The governor indicated great dissatisfaction with this plan of public instruction. He maintained that only a small number of the youth were reached by it and that it was of little benefit to them because of the irregularity and uncertainty of the system. In some instances a school would be open for a few months, and in others a year. But it often happened that after the children had made a good start in the primary branches, the school would be discontinued and the pupils would be returned to their parents to forget what they had already learned. He might also have added that the aid given indigent children caused them to be looked down upon as paupers by their fellow pupils. It is quite likely that in many instances the intellectual gain under such a system was offset by a spiritual loss resulting from the development of a sense of inferiority in the beneficiaries of these charity schools . Moreover, this method of instruction was more expensive than it should have been. By drawing a comparison between the educational system of New York and that of Virginia he showed that the people of the former commonwealth were getting a great deal more for their money than were those of the latter. Virginia needed a public school system (the message went on to state) not for poor children alone, as was then the case, but for all classes. And it was particularly desirable that the children of the great middle class should be given the means of education . As a remedy for these unsatisfactory conditions he proposed that the counties be divided into school districts and in each a permanent school be established, under the management of trustees elected by the people. This school should be directed by a competent instructor. Attendance should be absolutely free or else the tuition charge should be low enough to afford all the children an opportunity for an education. This was a well-meant gesture in favor of a public school system, but it proved to be an empty one. There was one fatal defect in the plan it did not carry an adequate system for financing the scheme. The governor recommended that expenditures from the Literary Fund be suspended until the accumulations had increased to the point at which the interest would be sufficient to finance the schools. Just what should be done during this period of waiting he did not suggest. Schooling for the poor during the interim would either have to be suspended or provided for out of county levies. A public school system worthy the name could not have been established in Virginia at that time without supplementing the income derived from the Literary Fund by a substantial revenue raised by taxation. Tyler did not have the boldness to recommend such a plan. At one time it looked as if the governor’s scheme of public education, with certain modifications, would be put into effect promptly. Resolutions favorable to the idea were adopted and a bill embodying the principles laid down in them was reported to the House of Delegates. This bill, however, was laid on the table, and no further action on it was taken during this session of the legislature (or at least no mention of it can be found in the Journal). Apparently, nothing was later done to carry out the governor’s suggestions. A good deal of space in the governor’s message was devoted to internal improvements. He made specific recommendations as to improvements in the means of communication by the construction of roads, and locks and dams on the James River and other streams, with a view to connecting the east more closely with the west. He pointed out that a considerable portion of the State lying west of the Alleghany Mountains, though rich in soil, was in certain regions almost in a state of nature. The citizens there could not reach the capital without going out of the State and using transportation facilities furnished by other States. It was not a matter of surprise, therefore, that the tide of emigration had passed around this area and gone farther west. Two roads should be opened up from the western borders of the State to the Valley region. There was also considerable ill feeling between the eastern and western sections of the commonwealth, and this sectionalism could be destroyed by the proper means of communication. Another reason given for the State’s speeding up its improvements in land and water transportation was that in so doing it would take away the excuse of the Federal government for expending money on internal improvements in the States. In this way a great political menace would be averted. For, as he considered, â€Å"more danger is to be apprehended to the State authorities by the exertion of the assumed power over roads and canals by the general government than from almost any other source. It holds out the tender of the strongest bribe which can be offered to a people inhabiting a country yet in its infancy, and which invites the exertions of man to its improvement in almost every direction. † Let the State meet these demands and accustom the people to look to the State instead of the United States government for these improvements. Tyler’s administration must have been generally regarded as successful, as no one appeared against him when he came up for re-election December 10, 1827. He received all the votes cast but two, which were scattered. One of the last of Tyler’s recommendations (made on February 1, 1827) was in regard to the journals of the legislature. These records had been carelessly looked after, and the proceedings of three important sessions had been lost. Some of the journals were in manuscript and others were out of print. He suggested the reprinting of those that were out of print and of placing complete sets in the public offices and among the chief literary institutions. So far as the social and ceremonial functions of the office were concerned, Tyler performed them admirably. He was especially well fitted by education, training, and culture to play the rble of social leader. George Wythe Munford, who, by virtue of his position as clerk of the House of Delegates, was in close touch with official life in Richmond, considered Governor Tyler exceptionally happy in the performance of his duties at the executive mansion. Rise of Public Education Legislative provision for a state-wide system of public education made its appearance in Pennsylvania, in 1834. This act, largely permissive in nature, did not come about without a long and arduous struggle against considerable opposition. Indeed, its future was in doubt until the Assembly passed the law of 1836, which afforded a permanent basis for a system of universal education in Pennsylvania. It was not until 1849, however, that legislation was enacted requiring each of the State’s school districts to establish public schools. Upon the foundation of common schools, the public high school arose. For the greater part of the nineteenth century it was the academy rather than the public high school from which the colleges recruited the bulk of their students. In fact, the proponents of the academy after 1850 argued that preparation for college was the legitimate function of the academy alone. As the high schools increased in number, and the academies suffered a corresponding decline, the colleges sought a closer rapprochement with the public school system. According to an editorial in the Pennsylvania School Journal, one of the objects in establishing the College Association of Pennsylvania, in 1887, was in substance, to promote the common interests of the Colleges by securing harmonious action and cooperation in all matters pertaining to the general welfare of these institutions, and also to labor for closer identification with the public school system of the State. This latter question was brought to the front, at the second session of the meeting by a rather aggressive paper read by President Magill, of Swarthmore. Before the meeting finally adjourned, ample evidence had been given of a sincere desire to co-operate with the public school agencies of the State in effecting a proper and, if possible, an organic bond of union between the Common Schools and Colleges. Indifference and Opposition to Public Schools Before the Civil War, the development of public schools languished throughout the South. Here, the experiences of Virginia and Tennessee are probably representative. While Thomas Jefferson had unsuccessfully sought the establishment in Virginia of a tax-supported system of universal common-school education as early as 1779, both state and local support for schools was meager during the ante-bellum years. Public schools were considered primarily as schools for paupers, for the support of which men of property were not disposed to tax themselves. Nonetheless, the smaller farms, less sharp social distinctions, and dearth of good private schools in the western counties of Virginia (including modern west Virginia) made public education a vital sectional issue, culminating in the provision for increased financial support for Virginia’s common schools in the constitution of 1851. Even so, during the 1850’s public education in Virginia continued to suffer from mismanagement of the state’s school funds and their diversion to other uses. The state of Tennessee entered the Union too early for its schools to benefit significantly from public land policy. By 1806, when provision was at last made by interstate compact for reserving onesixteenth of all future land grants in Tennessee for the use of schools, little unclaimed land of much agricultural value remained. Subsequent sales of the residual public lands to provide a fund significantly labelled â€Å"for the education of the poor† yielded very little revenue. By acts of 1830 and 1838 the legislature sought to supplement the state school fund from non-tax sources, but the fund showed little growth. It was not until 1854 that Governor Andrew Johnson of East Tennessee pushed through the act in which Tennessee imposed her first state taxes and authorized the first county taxes for the support of education. This legislation represented a narrow victory of the yeomanry of East Tennessee over the wealthier planters of the rest of the state. The resulting public schools were still not able to hold their own with the private and denominational schools favored by persons of means. During the Reconstruction years immediately following the Civil War, both Virginia and Tennessee enacted some much-needed educational reforms which partially survived the later return of the ex-Confederates to political power. In 1869, a carpet-bag constitutional convention in Virginia adopted a new state constitution which provided for the establishment of free schools throughout the state. Under this constitution, the Virginia assembly created in 1870 the first plan of general public education in the state’s history and provided for state property taxation and authorized local taxation for school purposes. During the next decade, despite formidable political and financial obstacles, Virginia’s public schools made considerable progress but no more than held their own from 1882 until the constitution of 1902 awakened a renewed interest in improving the state’s public-school systems. Meanwhile, educational policy in Tennessee had taken a similar course. In 1867 the radical legislature of Tennessee (which was dominated by East Tennesseans of Union loyalties) enacted the most progressive educational measure in state history, providing a sound financial basis of property and poll taxes for public-school support. With the return of the ex-Confederate Democrats to power in 1869 this act was repealed, and a new act abolishing all supervisory school offices and abandoning all property taxes for schools made all responsibilities for common schools both local and voluntary. The new constitution of 1870 repaired part of this damage and, with the tide for tax-supported, free schools running too strongly to be curbed, the Democratic legislature of 1873 substantially re-enacted the school law of 1867, which still remains the parent act for the state’s modern public-school system. The cause of public education after the Civil War was not without prominent supporters. That Virginia aristocrat and great American, Robert E. Lee, declared that â€Å"the thorough education of all classes of people is the most efficacious means for promoting the prosperity of the South. † Walter Hines Page wrote in 1896 that â€Å"a public-school system generously supported by public sentiment, and generally maintained by both state and local taxation, is the only effective means to develop the forgotten man and the forgotten woman. † Nor was the Negro excluded by some, such as Clarence H. Poe, who declared in 1910 that â€Å"we must . . . frame a scheme of education and training that will keep [the Negro] from dragging down the whole level of life, that will make him more efficient, a prosperity-maker. . . . we must either have the Negro trained, or we must not have him at all. Untrained he is a burden on us all. . . . Our economic law knows no colour line. † Yet a great Southern educator, Edwin Mims, had to note sadly in 1926 that â€Å"the Southern States still have a great mass of uneducated people, sensitive, passionate, prejudiced, and another mass of the half-educated who have very little intellectual curiosity or independence of judgment. † If some of the South’s intellectual leaders agreed with such indictments of the products of regional education, in doing so they turned their fury on the public schools. Woodward, for example, has shown how the Redeemers-who took over the leadership in state and local government with the restoration of self-rule to the South-took â€Å"retrenchment† as their watchword and frankly constituted themselves as the champions of the property owner. In the process, public education, which bore the stigma of carpet-bag sponsorship and raised the unpleasant image of the ubiquitous â€Å"horse-faced Yankee schoolma’ams† of the bitter Reconstruction years, was first to suffer. Governor Holliday of Virginia considered public schools â€Å"a luxury . . . to be paid for like any other luxury, by the people who wish their benefits. † Successful Launch of Public School System in South In the Deep South the illiteracy of the people and the neglect of education were perhaps more distressing than in the Upper South. A Committee on Education of the Louisiana legislature reported, March 22, 1831, that there were approximately nine thousand white children in the state between the ages of ten and fifteen years but that â€Å"not one third of that number received any instruction whatever. † Georgia was the one of the earliest states to found a state university and had academies for the well-to-do, but it woefully neglected the education of the masses. Not until 1877 did the state finally establish free public schools. Liberal laws permitting counties to tax property for school purposes, which had been enacted in the late 1830’s, were repealed in 1840. Governor George W. Crawford declared in 1845 that not half of the counties applied for their proportion of the state funds for free schooling. 8 As late as 1859 Gabriel DuVal, Superintendent of Education of the State of Alabama, reported to the governor that nearly one half of the children of the state were not attending any school and were growing up in ignorance . The census of 1850 seemed to indicate that the Southern States were even retrograding in literacy. The returns from Virginia, for example, showed the presence of seventy-seven thousand and five adult white illiterates as compared with fifty-eight thousand, seven hundred and eighty-seven in the previous census. This increase could probably be explained in part by the more careful and accurate enumeration of the census takers of 1850. According to their report the Southern States had an illiteracy ratio among the native white population over twenty years of age of 20. 30 per cent, the Middle States 3 per cent, and New England . 42 per cent. Superintendent De Bow pointed out that so excellent was the New England school system that only one person over twenty years of age in four hundred of the native white population could not read and write, as compared with one in twelve for the slaveholding states, and one in forty for the free states as a whole. Many reasons have been advanced to explain this widespread illiteracy of the South. The aristocratic attitude, inherited from England, that it was not necessary to educate the masses, changed slowly in sections of the older South like Virginia and South Carolina. Certainly the isolation characteristic of Southern life with its scattered homes and indescribably bad roads did much to hinder the diffusion of education. Fully as important as these factors was the reluctance of the people to tax themselves. Governor Swain in his message to the legislature of North Carolina in 1835 said that the legislature was in the habit of imposing taxes on the people amounting to less than one hundred thousand dollars annually. Of this sum, half was spent in rewarding the legislators for their services, while the remainder was employed in paying the administrative officers of the state government. The individualism of the Southern people was also a hindrance to the establishment of a comprehensive system of public education. It was regarded as the duty of the individual and not of the state to see that his children were educated. When Governor Gilmer of Georgia wrote letters to the most distinguished men of his state for their opinions on public education, he stated his own position in the words: â€Å"The policy of making appropriations by the Government to effect objects which are within the means of individuals has always appeared to me to be extremely questionable. † Joseph Henry Lumpkin, later to become Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia, replied that he opposed scattering the state educational funds of twenty thousand dollars for common schools, but that they should be used in developing the university. The most promising youths from each county should be sent to the university; and â€Å"soon every foreigner will be dislodged from our academies. â€Å" The mental attitude of the various classes of Southern society toward education was admirably analyzed by Joseph Caldwell, President of the University of North Carolina, in a series of Letters on Popular Education published in 1832. He pointed out that so invincible was the aversion of North Carolinians to taxation, even to provide for the education of poor children, that any proposal to establish a public school system supported solely by taxation would be doomed to failure. He also described the position of many of the illiterate or semi-illiterate as proud of their ignorance of â€Å"book learning. † From another angle, he portrayed the attitude of the rural communities toward â€Å"book learning† by showing their contemptuous disparagement of the profession of teaching school. With bitter satire he described the unfit type of men who had been recruited by the profession in North Carolina: â€Å"Is a man constitutionally and habitually indolent, a burden upon all from whom he can extract a support? Then there is a way of shaking him off, let us make him a schoolmaster. To teach a school is in the opinion of many little else than sitting still and doing nothing. Has any man wasted all his property, or ended in debt by indiscretion and misconduct? The business of school keeping stands wide-open for his reception and here he sinks to the bottom, for want of capacity to support himself. † Apathy toward education on the part of the lower classes was undoubtedly due to physical illness and to a false sense of pride. Travelers in the ante-bellum South often referred to the sallow, unhealthy appearance of the â€Å"poor whites† and to their addiction to eating clay. These â€Å"clayeaters,† â€Å"sand-hillers,† and â€Å"crackers† were in many cases the victims of hookworm, which sapped their energy and deprived them of ambition. In the lowland regions and in river valleys malaria and the ague wrought great havoc in the health of the poorer classes, who remained in their habitations throughout the year. Furthermore, many destitute farmers were deterred from sending their children to such public schools as were provided because of their repugnance to make the required declaration of poverty. The mountain whites who looked upon all outsiders as â€Å"furriners,† preferred to remain in ignorance and to cling to their more primitive ways of life The educational needs of the upper classes were fairly well met by the private academies and old field schools. A group of neighbors would form a board of trustees for the proposed school and apply to the legislature for an act of incorporation. They would then build a log or frame schoolhouse and hire a teacher, frequently a Northerner who had recently graduated from college. Some of these academies attained a wide and well-deserved reputation for training eminent men From a selfish point of view, the upper classes, who could send their sons to exclusive Northern schools, or at least to private academies and old field schools in the South, had little incentive to support a movement to educate the common people by voting taxes for that end. From 1840 to 1860, however, the Southern States were slowly awakening to the need of free public schools. One of the most eloquent and influential voices for popular education during these years was that of Henry A. Wise, Congressman from the Accomac district of Virginia. In 1844, shortly after his retirement from Congress to become Minister to Brazil, he delivered an earnest speech to his constituents advising them to tax themselves to educate every child at public cost. He showed that more than one fourth of the adult whites in Accomac district (consisting of twelve counties) could not read and write, and that the number o